Introduce with the basic characteristics of energy machinery of different types: turbomachinery, volumetric machines and internal combustion engines; in turbomachinery with both compressible working fluid (steam and gas turbines, centrifugal and axial compressors) and with non-compressible working fluid (fans, wind turbines, pumps and water turbines). Introduce with the energy conversion in previously mentioned energy machinery. Introduce with the basic characteristics of the plants in which some of the machinery operate (steam-turbine plants, gasturbine plants and pumping plants), and other devices that appear in them (steam generators, heat exchangers, etc.). Introduce with forms of energy sources, and with the basics of management in power engineering and environmental protection.

Student responsibilities:

Class attendance, consultations and preparation of planned tasks.

Grading and evaluation of student work over the course of instruction and at a final exam:

Upon successful completion of the course, students will be able to (learning outcomes):

1 . Distinguish different energy sources.

2 . Identify different types of energy machinery and associated plants.

3 . Compare different types of energy machinery and associated plants.

4 . Interpret the basics of energy conversion in different types of energy machinery.

5 . Solve the basic characteristics (e.g. thermodynamic, hydrodynamic, aerodynamic) of certain types of energy machinery i.e. plants.

Lectures

1. INTRODUCTION. Classification of energy engines with regard to different criterions. Basic principles of work and characteristics. Introduction to different types of energy machinery.

2. CYCLES OF HEAT ENGINES. Carnot cycle. Constant pressure cycle. Otto cycle. Diesel cycle. Dual combustion cycle. Stirling and Ericsson cycles. Solving numerical examples from the cycle of heat machinery.

3. STEAM TURBINE POWER PLANT. Basic cycle (Rankine). Methods of thermal efficiency improvement of basic cycle. Steam boilers. Condenser and condenser plant. Nuclear power plant. Solving numerical examples from a steam-turbine plant.

4. GAS-TURBINE PLANT. Basic cycle (Brayton). Methods of thermal efficiency improvement of basic cycle. Combustion chamber. Solving numerical examples from gas-turbine plants.

5. AXIAL TURBINES. Working principle, construction and classification. Geometrical characteristics of stage. Losses, efficiency and work. Stages with long blades. Cooling at gas turbines. Governing and emergency governing. Multistage turbines. Solving numerical examples from axial turbines.

6. RADIAL TURBINES. Types. Thermodynamics and aerodynamics of stage. Power, losses and efficiency. Off-design operating conditions. Solving numerical examples from radial turbines.

7. FANS. Centrifugal and axial fans. Thermodynamics and aerodynamics of stage. Fan work in installation (system). Solving numerical examples from a fans.

8. AXIAL TURBOCOMPRESSORS. Geometrical characteristics of cascades. Thermodynamics and aerodynamics of stage. Working characteristic. Non-stable operation. Multistage axial compressor. Solving numerical examples from axial turbocompressors.

9. CENTRIFUGAL TURBOCOMPRESSORS. Geometrical characteristics of stage. Thermodynamics and aerodynamics of stage. Working characteristic. The surge and its prevention. Solving numerical examples from centrifugal turbocompressors.

10. PUMPS AND PUMP PLANTS. Types of pumps. Power, losses and efficiency. Multistage pump. Working characteristics. Pump plant - working point. Cavitation. Solving numerical examples from pumps and pumping plants.

11. WATER TURBINES AND PLANTS. Types of water turbines. Basic concepts and definitions. Dimensionless groups. Basic dimensions. Principles of hydraulic calculation. Hydraulic power utilization. Types of water turbine plants and their importance in electro-energy system. Auxiliary equipment of water turbine plant. Solving numerical examples from water turbines and hydropower plants.

12. WIND TURBINES AND PLANTS. Basic characteristics of wind. Types of wind turbines. Principles of aerodynamical calculation. Types of wind turbine plants and and their importance in electro-energy system. Solving numerical examples from wind turbines and wind plants.

13. POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES. Classification of positive displacement machines. Basic characteristics of positive displacement pumps and compressors. Vane, gear and screw pumps, compressors (blowers) or motors. Solving numerical examples from positive displacement machinery.

14. INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES. Types and basic elements. The two and four stroke cycles. Working characteristics and factors which influence on them. Fuel systems. Supercharging. Solving numerical examples from internal combustion engines.

15. THE SOURCES, USE AND MANAGEMENT OF ENERGY, AND ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION. Sources of energy and energy demands. Energy management and energy audits. The new technology of energy saving. alternative energy supplies. Use of energy and environment. Environment protection. Solving numerical examples from energy management.

Exercises

1. Introduction with different types of energy engines and their basic elements by means of diapositives - figures of different engines.

2. Thermodynamical calculation of Carnot, Otto Diesel, Stirling and Ericsson cycles, and cycles with dual combustion and with constant pressure.

3. Thermodynamical calculation of steam turbine cycles: cycle with superheat, reheat cycle and regenerative cycle, and of cogenerative cycle.

4. Thermodynamical calculation of gas turbine cycles: with intercooling, with reheat and with heat exchanger, and of combined cycle.

5. Calculation of basic thermo and aerodynamical characteristics of axial turbine stage: velocities triangles, reaction ratio, forces on blades, work, losses, efficiency, height of blade, etc.

6. Calculation of basic thermo and aerodynamical characteristics of radial turbine stage: velocities triangles, reaction ratio, forces on blades, work, losses, efficiency, height of blade, etc.

7. Calculation of basic thermo and aerodynamical characteristics of centrifugal and axial fan: velocities triangles, reaction ratio, forces on blades, work, losses, efficiency, height of blade, etc.

8. Calculation of basic thermo and aerodynamical characteristics of axial turbocompressor: velocities triangles, reaction ratio, forces on blades, work, losses, efficiency, height of blade, etc.

9. Calculation of basic thermo and aerodynamical characteristics of centrifugal turbocompressor: velocities triangles, reaction ratio, forces on blades, work, losses, efficiency, height of blade, etc.

10. Calculation of basic hydraulic and geometrical characteristics of centrifugal and axial pump: velocities triangles, forces on blades, work, losses, efficiency, height of blade, etc.

11. Calculation of basic hydraulic and geometrical characteristics of particular types of water turbines: velocities triangles, forces on blades, work, losses, efficiency, height of blade, etc.

12. Calculation of basic aerodynamics and geometrical characteristics of particular types of wind turbines: velocities triangles, forces on blades, work, losses, efficiency, height of blade, etc.

13. Calculation of operational (of flow, pressure, power, efficiency, etc.) and geometrical characteiristics the most important positive displacement machines.

14. Calculation of basic thermodynamical and geometrical characteristics of two and four stroke internal combustion engines.

15. Calculation of energy consumption, total costs and possible savings.

Compulsory literature:

2. Fluid Mechanics, Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery, 7th Edition, Dixon, S.L., Hall, C., Butterworth-Heinemann, 2014, p. 1-556

3. Applied Thermodynamics for Engineering Technologists, Eastop, T.D.; McConkey, A., Longman, Hong Kong, 1993, p. 1-326

Recommended literature:

5. An Introduction to Energy Conversion, Energy Conversion Cycles, Volume II., 3rd Edition, Kadambi, V., Prasad, M., New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers, 2004, p. 1-322

6. Basic Engineering Thermodynamics, Joel, R., Prentice Hall Published Date, 1996, p. 0-0

7. Wind Power Plants – Fundamentals, Design, Construction and Operation, Gasch, R.; Twele, J., Solarpraxis, Berlin, 2022, p. 0-114